Introduction: Executive functions are cognitive processes which allow individuals to self-regulate, plan and problem solve. Deficits in executive functions exist in a wide range of at-risk populations, including individuals with autism spectrum disorder, with even neurotypical individuals showing variability in presentation. This is problematic, as well developed executive functions are associated with improved academic and workplace outcomes. Fortunately, research suggests that executive functions can be improved both directly and indirectly. This paper provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms proposed to make indirect interventions (e.g. martial arts) effective, and discusses the potential use of animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) as an indirect intervention.
Methodology: Google Scholar was used to collect papers on executive function interventions. This was followed by a review of AAIs, with the outcomes of AAIs (e.g. stress reduction) compared to executive function interventions. Finally, Google Scholar and HABRI Central databases were used to collect papers and unpublished theses which combined these areas.
Main Findings: The research suggests that executive functions can be indirectly improved by reducing stress, increasing social support and improving physical fitness, which are elements associated with optimal cognitive functioning. Similarly, a review suggests that AAIs may be used to achieve similar benefits. Therefore, it is hypothesised that AAIs may be used to improve executive functions.
While few studies have explored this area, there is preliminary evidence to suggest that individuals with poor pre-existing ability may benefit from AAIs. As with other areas of AAI study, this area of research has been limited by the use of small sample sizes and a lack of control conditions, with further research necessary.
Principal Conclusions and Implications for Field: There is evidence that programs which reduce stress, increase social belonging and improve physical activity can be used to improve executive functions. As research suggests that interacting with animals may have these benefits, exploring whether AAIs can be used to improve executive functions is necessary. This appears to be a relatively new area of research, suggesting the need for studies exploring the impact of AAIs on a wide range of ages and clinical populations. As with other applications of AAIs, research would benefit by the use of stronger methodological designs.